Figure 2.

Examples of CNS Functional Measures. A. Schematic of cortical areas involved with pain processing. The highlighted areas summarize areas found active in previous functional imaging studies. Color-coding reflects the hypothesized role of each area in processing the different psychological dimensions of pain. Numbers in parentheses indicate the relative involvement of these areas during different temporal stages of the pain experience. Areas displayed include insula, anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), primary somatosensory cortex (SI), secondary somatosensory cortex (SII), inferior parietal lobe (Inf. Par), dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), pre-motor cortex (Pre-Mot), orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), medial prefrontal cortex (Med. PFC), posterior insula (P. Ins), anterior insula (A. Ins), hippocampus (Hip), entorhinal cortex (Ento). [Reprinted with permission from Casey and Tran, 2006]. For examples of brainstem involvement in pain processing, please refer to Tracey and Iannetti ([52]). B. Example of fMRI responses to painful phasic thermal stimulation to the forehead in a cohort of 12 subjects. (Moulton et al., unpublished observations).